J. I. Bisson, N. P. Roberts, M. Andrew, R. Cooper, and C. Lewis, Psychological therapies for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults, Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews, vol.12, p.3388, 2013.

G. A. Bonanno, M. Westphal, and A. D. Mancini, Resilience to loss and potential trauma, Annual Reviews Clinical Psychology, vol.7, pp.511-535, 2011.

K. T. Brady and S. E. Back, Childhood trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and alcohol dependence, Alcohol Research, vol.34, pp.408-413, 2012.

M. K. Chan, M. G. Gottschalk, F. Haenisch, J. Tomasik, T. Ruland et al., Progress in Neurobiology, vol.122, pp.45-72, 2014.

E. Chesney, G. M. Goodwin, S. Fazel, J. M. Darves-bornoz, J. Alonso et al., Main traumatic events in Europe: PTSD in the European study of the epidemiology of mental disorders survey, Journal of Traumatic Stress, vol.13, pp.455-462, 2008.

M. De-hert, C. U. Correll, J. Bobes, M. Cetkovich-bakmas, D. Cohen et al., Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders. I. Prevalence, impact of medications and disparities in health care, World Psychiatry, vol.10, pp.52-77, 2011.

R. A. De-kleine, B. O. Rothbaum, and A. Van-minnen, Pharmacological enhancement of exposure-based treatment in PTSD: A qualitative review, European Journal of Psychotraumatology, vol.17, p.4, 2013.

B. W. Dunlop, E. Mansson, and M. Gerardi, Pharmacological innovations for posttraumatic stress disorder and medicationenhanced psychotherapy, Current Pharmaceutical Design, vol.18, pp.5645-5658, 2012.

T. Ehring, B. Kleim, and A. Ehlers, Combining clinical studies and analogue experiments to investigate cognitive mechanisms in posttraumatic stress disorder, International Association for Cognitive Psychotherapy, vol.4, issue.2, pp.165-177, 2011.

B. Etain, C. Henry, F. Belivier, F. Mathieu, and M. Leboyer, Beyond genetics; childhood affective trauma in bipolar disorder, Bipolar Disorder, vol.10, pp.867-876, 2008.

V. J. Felitti, R. F. Anda, D. Nordenberg, D. F. Williamson, A. M. Spitz et al., Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults, 1998.

, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol.14, pp.245-258

I. R. Galatzer-levy, Y. Ankri, S. Freedman, Y. Israeli-shalev, P. Roitman et al., Early PTSD symptom trajectories: Persistence, recovery, and response to treatment: Results from the Jerusalem Trauma Outreach and Prevention Study (J-TOPS), PLoS One, vol.8, p.370084, 2013.

M. Heinzelmann and J. Gill, Epigenetic mechanisms shape the biological response to trauma and risk for PTSD: A critical review, Nursing Research and Practice, p.417010, 2013.

E. A. Holmes and C. Bourne, Inducing and modulating intrusive emotional memories: A review of the trauma film paradigm, Acta Psychologica, vol.127, issue.3, pp.553-66, 2008.

T. Insel, B. Cuthbert, M. Garvey, R. Heinssen, D. S. Pine et al., Research domain criteria (RDoC): Toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders, American Journal of Psychiatry, vol.167, pp.748-751, 2010.

S. B. Koch, M. Van-zuiden, L. Nawijn, J. L. Frijling, D. J. Veltman et al., Intranasal oxytocin administration dampens amygdala reactivity towards emotional faces in male and female PTSD patients, Neuropsychopharmacology. doi, 2015.

I. T. Kolassa, S. Kolassa, V. Ertl, A. Papassotiropoulos, and D. J. De-quervain, The risk of posttraumatic stress disorder after trauma depends on traumatic load and the catecholo-methyltransferase Val(158)Met polymorphism, Biological Psychiatry, pp.304-308, 2010.

H. Kuzelova, R. Ptacek, M. Macek, . 4á10, K. Ladwig et al., Posttraumatic stress disorder and not depression is associated with shorter leukocyte telomere length: Findings from 3000 participants in the population-based KORA F4 Study, Neuro Endocrinology Letters, vol.31, p.64762, 2010.

A. Lehrner and R. A. Yehuda, Biomarkers of PTSD: Military applications and considerations, European Journal of Psychotraumatology, vol.5, p.23797, 2014.

M. F. Marin, J. A. Camprodon, D. D. Dougherty, and M. R. Milad, Device-based brain stimulation to augment fear extinction: Implications for PTSD and beyond, Depression and Anxiety, pp.269-278, 2014.

J. Morath, H. Gola, A. Sommershof, G. Hamuni, S. Kolassa et al., The effect of traumafocused therapy on the altered T cell distribution in individuals with PTSD: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial, Journal of Psychiatric Research, vol.54, pp.119-125, 2014.

N. R. Nugent, K. C. Koenen, and B. Bradley, Heterogeneity of posttraumatic stress symptoms in a highly traumatized low income, urban, African American Sample, Journal of Psychiatric Research, vol.46, pp.1576-1583, 2012.

R. Ori, T. Amos, H. Bergman, K. Soares-weiser, J. C. Ipser et al., A framework for interpreting genome-wide association studies Biological traces of traumatic stress in changing societies Citation, CD007803. Psychiatric GWAS Consortium Steering Committee, vol.5, issue.1, pp.10-17, 2009.

J. R. Sato, J. Moll, S. Green, J. F. Deakin, C. E. Thomaz et al., Machine learning algorithm accurately detects fMRI signature of vulnerability to major depression, Psychiatry Research, vol.233, issue.2, pp.289-91, 2015.

M. Schauer, F. Neuner, U. Karunakara, C. Klaschik, C. Robert et al., PTSD and the building block effect of psychological trauma among West Nile Africans, European Society for Traumatic Stress Studies Bulletin, vol.10, pp.5-6, 2003.

U. Schmidt, S. F. Kaltwasser, and C. T. Wotjak, Biomarkers in posttraumatic stress disorder: Overview and implications for future research, Disease Markers, vol.35, pp.43-54, 2013.

M. Sijbrandij, A. Kleiboer, J. I. Bisson, C. Barbui, and P. Cuijpers, Pharmacological prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis, JAMA Psychiatry, vol.2, pp.413-421, 2015.

A. Sommershof, H. Aichinger, H. Engler, H. Adenauer, C. Catani et al., Substantial reduction of naïve and regulatory T cells following traumatic stress, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, vol.23, pp.1117-1124, 2009.

M. H. Teicher and J. A. Samson, Childhood maltreatment and psychopathology: A case for ecophenotypic variants as clinically and neurobiologically distinct subtypes, American Journal of Psychiatry, vol.170, pp.1114-1133, 2013.

K. Thomaes, E. Dorrepaal, N. Draijer, E. P. Jansma, D. J. Veltman et al., Can pharmacological and psychological treatment change brain structure and function in PTSD? A systematic review, Journal of Psychiatric Research, vol.50, pp.1-15, 2014.

P. M. Thompson, J. L. Stein, S. E. Medland, D. P. Hibar, A. A. Vasquez et al.,

W. Drevets, The ENIGMA Consortium: Large-scale collaborative analyses of neuroimaging and genetic data, Brain Imaging and Behaviour, vol.8, issue.2, pp.153-82, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01967166

M. Van-zuiden, A. Kavelaars, E. Geuze, M. Olff, and C. J. Heijnen, Predicting PTSD: Pre-existing vulnerabilities in glucocorticoid-signaling and implications for preventive interventions, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, vol.30, pp.12-21, 2013.

F. Varese, F. Smeets, M. Drukker, R. Lieverse, T. Lataster et al., Childhood adversities increase the risk of psychosis: A meta-analysis of patientcontrol, prospective-and cross-sectional cohort studies, Schizophrenia Bulletin, vol.38, pp.661-671, 2012.

R. Yehuda, N. P. Daskalakis, F. Desarnaud, I. Makotkine, A. L. Lehrner et al., Epigenetic biomarkers as predictors and correlates of symptom improvement following psychotherapy in combat veterans with PTSD, Frontiers in Psychiatry, vol.4, p.118, 2013.

R. Yehuda, N. P. Daskalakis, A. Lehrer, F. Desarnaud, H. N. Bader et al., Influences of maternal and paternal PTSD on epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene in Holocaust survivor offspring, American Journal of Psychiatry, vol.171, pp.872-880, 2014.

M. C. Zanarini, A. A. Williams, R. E. Lewis, R. B. Reich, S. C. Vera et al., Reported pathological childhood experiences associated with the development of borderline personality disorder, American Journal of Psychiatry, vol.154, pp.1101-1106, 1997.